Survey of Wideband Acoustic Immittance Use by Clinical Audiologists.

PURPOSE: Wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) is a promising measure of middle-ear mechanics. In contrast to standard tympanometry, which is generally measured at a single stiffness-dominated low frequency, WAI detects mechanical effects on both the mass and stiffness properties of the middle ear across a wide range of frequencies, resulting in a more comprehensive assessment of middle-ear mechanics in healthy and pathological ears. Despite a plethora of research demonstrating the clinical utility of this measure, clinical adoption of WAI is still limited. This work explores audiologists' use and perceptions of WAI, with the goal of identifying the barriers to its clinical adoption. METHOD: A survey on the perception and use of WAI by clinical audiologists in the United States was developed and administered using the Research Electronic Data Capture application. The survey was distributed broadly across the United States. Participation was voluntary and anonymous, and no compensation was provided. RESULTS: Findings from 132 survey respondents across 32 states were included in the analyses. Overall, findings suggest the largest barriers to clinical adoption of WAI are lack of access to equipment that measures WAI and lack of training and/or confidence in measuring or interpreting WAI. CONCLUSIONS: Several barriers to clinical adoption of WAI were identified. However, findings also provide optimism in that audiologists utilizing WAI find it more useful than standard tympanometry, and most audiologists who do not currently use WAI are open to implementing the measure in their clinical practice. We proposed steps to address the highest priority issues and increase the clinical viability of WAI.

Investigation of Age and Gender Effects on the Middle Ear With Wideband Tympanometry in Adults.

OBJECTIVES: Several studies have reported the effects of age and gender on the middle ear of adults using wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) that measures middle ear function over a range of frequencies rather than the traditional measures with a single probe tone. Although these results are often based on WAI measurements under ambient pressure, using WAI under varying ear-canal pressures (wideband tympanometry [WBT]) may be able to provide more information about age and gender effects on the middle ear. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of age and gender on the middle ear with WBT in three different age groups consisting of young, middle-aged, and older adults. DESIGN: A total of 95 adults with normal middle ear function were assessed, including 32 young adults (16 men, 16 women, aged 20 to 39 years), 31 middle-aged adults (15 men, 16 women, aged 41 to 60 years), and 32 older adults (16 men, 16 women, aged 65 to 82 years). WBT measurements were performed from 226 to 8000 Hz using Interacoustics Titan. Energy absorbance data at tympanometric peak pressure (EA TPP ) and ambient pressure (EA AP ) at 1/3 octave frequencies, and resonance frequency (RF) data were analyzed according to age and gender variables. RESULTS: Analysis results showed that the mean EA TPP was significantly higher from 500 to 794 Hz and at 5040 and 6350 Hz, and significantly lower from 1587 to 3175 Hz in older adults compared with young adults. The mean EA AP was significantly lower from 1587 to 3175 Hz, and significantly higher at 5040 and 6350 Hz in older adults compared with young adults. There was no significant difference in the mean EA TPP and mean EA AP at any frequency between young and middle-aged adults, and middle-aged and older adults. RF was significantly lower in older adults compared with young adults. In all age groups, men had higher mean EA TPP and mean EA AP at lower frequencies and lower mean EA TPP and mean EA AP at higher frequencies than women. Men had slightly lower RF than women in young and older adults, while men had significantly lower RF than women in middle-aged adults. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that there are possible age and gender effects on the middle ear that may affect the mechanical transmission of sound. It may be useful to consider this finding in clinical evaluation in adults of different ages and genders, and to establish age- and gender-specific WBT norms in the adult population.

Wideband frequency impedance for diagnosis of ossicular chain abnormality.

BACKGROUND: The accurate estimation of the ossicular chain abnormalities using existing functional examinations has been difficult. AIMS/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to verify the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of ossicular chain abnormalities using a wideband frequency impedance (WFI) meter, which can measure the dynamic characteristics of the middle ear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. Fourteen ears of patients with ossicular chain abnormalities that were definitively diagnosed surgically were included in this study. The following data were collected for each participant: sound pressure level (SPL) curve measured using the WFI meter and a sweep frequency impedance (SFI) meter, WFI measurements plotted on the resonance frequency (RF)-ΔSPL plane, distribution map of the dynamic characteristics of the middle ear, preoperative audiometry results, and the definitive surgical diagnosis. RESULTS: The SPL curve obtained using the WFI meter had lesser noise than that obtained using the SFI meter. The distribution map revealed that the ossicular chain separation range and ossicular chain fixation range were completely separated. The hearing data tended to be poor in cases with small ΔSPL. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: WFI can potentially enhance the accuracy of SFI. In addition, it can also be used for the classification of ossicular chain separation and fixation as well as the quantification of fixation in cases of ossicular chain anomalies that cannot be diagnosed using conventional tests.

An Absorbance Peak Template for Clinical Assessment of Sound Conduction in Newborn Ears.

PURPOSE: Power absorbance measures recorded over a wide range of frequencies allow for clinical inferences about the outer/middle ears' acoustic mechanics. A frequency-dependent feature in the newborn wideband absorbance response, the prominent mid-frequency absorbance peak, has been linked to middle-ear resonance. However, current normative methods were not designed to assess subtle changes in such features. This work aims to develop and validate an absorbance peak template (APT) for assessment of absorbance peaks in newborns. Additional objectives are to compare test performance of absorbance peaks and APTs to existing normative methods, to demonstrate APT-based methods for categorization of abnormal absorbance peaks, and to describe absorbance peak test-retest variability. METHOD: Peak absorbance and peak frequency were analyzed in a training data set (490 measurements in 84 newborn ears who passed transient evoked otoacoustic emissions [TEOAEs] screenings), and an APT was developed by computing normal limits on these two absorbance peak variables. Split-set analysis evaluated the reproducibility of APT, and test-retest analysis was performed. Test performance analysis, conveyed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), compared absorbance peak variables to absorbance area indices (AAIs) in a validation data set (359 ears that passed distortion-product OAE [DPOAE] screening and 64 ears that failed). APT-based assessment paradigms for normal and abnormal ears were compared to the common absorbance normative range paradigm. RESULTS: Split-set analysis demonstrated a good reproducibility of APT, and test-retest of absorbance peak variables showed that they were stable measures for clinical assessment. Test performance of peak absorbance (AROC = 0.83; 95% CI [0.77, 0.88]) was comparable to the top-performing AAI variables (AROC = 0.85; 95% CI [0.80, 0.90]). APT-based assessment categorized measurements based on their peak absorbance and peak frequency and enhanced the detection of subtle frequency changes that were missed by the normative range method. CONCLUSION: Analysis of absorbance peaks guided by APT has the potential to simplify and improve assessments of sound conduction pathways in newborn ears and can be used together with or in-place of current methods for analysis of wideband absorbance data.

Development and Application of a Reference-Interval Approach to Tympanometric Norms Using U.S. Population Data for Ages 6-80+ Years.

PURPOSE: United States national data for tympanometric measures from 16,614 ears included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2015-2016 and 2017-2020 were analyzed and described. METHOD: Analyses were primarily descriptive and relied on distribution-free medians and cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). Differences between CDFs were examined using Cohen's h effect size. Results are presented for the age range 6-80+ years. A reference interval (RI) approach was pursued in which the interval from the 2.5th to the 95th percentile for healthy ears was specified for peak-compensated static admittance (Ytm+), tympanometric peak pressure, tympanometric width, and equivalent acoustic ear-canal volume (Vea+). RESULTS: Separate RIs were required for 6- to 13-year-olds compared to those 14-80+ years of age for all four tympanometric measures. For both age groups, a separate RI was warranted for each sex for Ytm+ and Vea+. For those 14-80+ years of age, a separate RI was also needed for non-Hispanic Asians for Ytm+. When these RIs were applied to the full data set, about 5%-10% of ears were found to be either below the lower limit or above the upper limit of the RI. Those ears outside the RI limits had about 5 dB higher low-frequency hearing thresholds than those within RI limits. Both Ytm+ and Vea+ were found to depend on body size. CONCLUSION: RIs for tympanometric measures from individuals with healthy ears were established, and when applied to the general U.S. population 6-80+ years of age, 5%-10% of ears fell outside the RIs depending on the measure.

Development and Application of a Reference Interval Approach to Wideband Absorbance Norms Using U.S. Population Data for Ages 6 to 80+ Years.

PURPOSE: U.S. national wideband absorbance (WBA) data for 17,446 ears included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for 2015-2016 and 2017-2020 were analyzed to develop and apply normative reference intervals (RIs). METHOD: Analyses used distribution-free medians and cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). Notable differences between medians were defined as those with non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals, and differences between CDFs were evaluated using Cohen's h effect size. Strict inclusion criteria identified "healthy ears" with 1,240 ears meeting all the inclusion criteria for the reference group. RIs, WBA values corresponding to the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles for the reference group, were established. The established RIs were then applied to the full unscreened data set to determine the prevalence of WBA values outside the RIs. RESULTS: WBA RIs were established for all 6- to 19-year-olds and for 20- to 69-year-olds separated into three groups: females, males, and non-Hispanic Asians. The differences among the CDFs underlying these RIs corresponded to small effect sizes. When a single RI, 0.40 < average WBA < 0.75, was applied to the full data set, about 6%-13% of ears fell outside the derived RIs. Logistic regression analyses found abnormal tympanometric results to be responsible for the extreme WBA values among the general population. Abnormal tympanometric results increased the odds of having WBA values outside the RI by ≥ 300%. CONCLUSIONS: U.S. population data for healthy ears were used to establish RIs for WBA of about 0.40-0.75. About 6%-13% of Americans, 6-80+ years of age, had WBA values outside these RI limits. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24185745.

Comparison of wideband acoustic immittance in Chinese infants under three months of age with normal and abnormal middle ear function.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to compare the characteristics of Wideband Acoustic Immittance (WAI) in Chinese infants under three months of age, with either normal or abnormal middle ear function. METHODS: We recruited 98 infants with either normal or abnormal middle ear function, and subsequently divided them into four groups based on their middle ear function and chronological age. The absorbances at tympanometric peak pressure (TPP) were collected across 1/3rd octave frequencies ranging from 226 to 8000 Hz. RESULTS: Among infants with normal middle ear function, no significant differences were observed concerning ear laterality. However, significant differences were noted at 3364 Hz and 4000 Hz with respect to age. For infants with either normal or abnormal middle ear function, we found significant differences at the majority of frequencies. Additionally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and maxima Youden index indicated that absorbances at 1682 Hz and 1297 Hz could be employed to evaluate the middle ear function of infants at 1 and 2 months of age. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that WAI holds promise as a valuable tool for assessing the middle ear condition of infants at 1 and 2 months of age. Infants aged 1 and 2 years, having absorbance values equal to or greater than 0.7470 at 1682 Hz and 0.6775 at 1297 Hz respectively, may indicate normal middle ear function. Furthermore, it underscores the necessity of establishing ethnicity- and age-specific norms for WAI in infants under 3 months of age.

Variación de los parámetros acústicos: f0, Jitter, Shimmer y Alpha ratio en relación con distintos niveles de ruido de fondo / Variation of the acoustic parameters: f0, Jitter, Shimmer and Alpha ratio in relation with different background noise levels

Antecedentes y objetivos: Las investigaciones que involucran el análisis acústico no siempre consideran el nivel de ruido de fondo del recinto donde van a realizar el proceso de grabación o si lo hacen el valor máximo de ruido de fondo que utilizan varía de autor en autor. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si los parámetros: f0, Jitter, Shimmer y Alpha ratio varían en relación con los distintos niveles de ruido de fondo del recinto donde se realiza la grabación, y determinar un valor máximo de este. Materiales y métodos Se utilizó el programa Praat® para obtener el valor promedio de los parámetros: f0, Jitter, Shimmer y Alpha ratio a partir de una muestra de voz en 33 sujetos al interior de una cabina Audiométrica cuyo nivel de ruido de fondo fue de 28,1dB(A). Se realizó una comparación estadística entre el valor promedio de cada parámetro al ir incrementando el nivel de ruido de fondo en relación con los valores promedio obtenidos con el nivel de ruido de fondo basal de la cabina para cada parámetro. Resultados Los parámetros f0 y Alpha ratio, muestran valores confiables hasta un nivel de ruido de fondo de 47,7dB(A), mientras que los parámetros Jitter y Shimmer lo hacen hasta un nivel de ruido de fondo de 43,8dB(A). Conclusiones Considerando que los parámetros acústicos se obtienen todos de la misma grabación, podemos señalar que el nivel de ruido de fondo máximo recomendable en el recinto donde se realicen las grabaciones debiese ser no superior a los 43,8dB(A). (AU)

Background and objectives: Research involving acoustic analysis does not always consider the level of background noise in the room where the recording process is going to be carried out, or if they do, the maximum value of background noise used varies from author to author. The objective of this research is to establish if the parameters: f0, Jitter, Shimmer and Alpha ratio vary in relation to different levels of background noise in the room where the recording process is carried out and to establish a maximum value of this. Materials and methods The Praat program was used to get the average value of the parameters: f0, Jitter, Shimmer and Alpha ratio from a voice sample of 33 subjects inside an audiometric booth whose background noise level was 28.1dB(A). A statistical comparison was made between the average value of each parameter as the background noise increased in relation to the average values obtained with the baseline background noise of the cabin for each parameter. Results The f0 and Alpha ratio parameters show reliable values up to a background noise level of 47.7dB(A), while the Jitter and Shimmer parameters do so up to a background noise level of 43.8dB(A). Conclusions Considering that the acoustic parameters are all obtained from the same recording, we can point out that the recommended maximum background noise level in the room where the recordings are made should not exceed 43.8dB(A). (AU)

[Normative wideband absorbance measures in children: a cross-sectional study].

Objective: This study was to investigate the main characteristics and related factors of wideband absorbance (WBA) in children with normal hearing and to obtain age-specific reference range of WBA. Methods: 384 children between 0-12 years old (615 ears) who visited the Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University from October 2019 to February 2021 were enrolled, including 230 males (376 ears) and 154 females (239 ears), with totally 306 left ears and 309 right ears. Wideband tympanometry (WBT) was performed and normative WBA data were analyzed by SPSS 24.0 statistical software. Repeated measures and multivariate analysis of variance were applied to the data from 16 points at 1/3-octave frequencies (226, 324, 408, 500, 667, 841, 1 000, 1 297, 1 682, 2 000, 2 670, 3 364, 4 000, 5 339, 6 727 and 8 000 Hz) to evaluate the effects of frequency, age, external auditory canal pressures, gender and ear on WBA. Results: According to the WBT frequency-absorbance curve, the subjects were divided into seven groups: 1-month old group, 2-month old group, 3-month old group, 4-5 month old group, 6-24 month old group,>2-6 year old group and>6-12 year old group. The WBA of normal-hearing children underwent a series of developmental changes with age at both ambient pressure and tympanometric peak pressures. WBA results for 1-month group and 2-month old group exhibited a multipeaked pattern, with the peaks occurring around 2 000 and 4 897 Hz, and a notch around 3 886 Hz. WBA results for 3-month group and 4-5 month old group exhibited a single broad-peaked pattern, with the peak occurring between 2 000-4 757 Hz. The WBA of 1-month old group to 4-5 month old group decreased gradually at low frequency (226-408 Hz) and 6 727 Hz, and increased at middle to high frequency (2 670-4 000 Hz). The WBA of 6-24 month old group were significantly lower than that of 2-month old group to 4-5 month old group at all frequencies except 3 364 and 4 000 Hz. WBA results for 6-24 month old group,>2-6 year old group and>6-12 year old group exhibited a single-peaked pattern, and the peak frequency of WBA moved to the lower frequency successively. From 6-24 month old group to>6-12 year old group, the WBA gradually increased at low to middle frequencies (667-2 670 Hz) and 8 000 Hz, and decreased at middle to high frequencies (3 364-5 339 Hz). Among the 16 frequencies of all age groups, the difference between WBA under ambient pressure and tympanometric peak pressure were -0.09-0.06, and 43.75%-81.25% frequency points had statistically significant difference, which was mainly manifested in that WBA under ambient pressure were lower than that under tympanometric peak pressure at 226-1 682 Hz. There was no significant ear effect on all of the age groups. Similarly, there was no significant gender effect except for 3-month old group and 4-5 month old group. Conclusions: The WBA of normal-hearing children measured at ambient pressure and tympanometric peak pressure varied across the frequencies with age from 1 month to 12 years old, and different frequencies followed different change patterns (increase vs. decrease) in WBA. There was also significant external auditory canal pressures effect on all of the age groups. The establishment of age-specific reference range of WBA for 0-12 years old normal-hearing children in this study would be useful for clinical practice of determining normative data regarding WBT.

Wideband Tympanometry and Absorbance for Diagnosing Middle Ear Fluids in Otitis Media with Effusion.

BACKGROUND: Surgical tympanostomy tube insertion is a standard procedure in Otitis media with effusion after proper follow-up. During the surgery, the presence of serous or mucoid fluids, atelectatic tympanic membrane, or empty ear may be observed, despite all patients having the same diagnosis. A better method based on a non-invasive approach can help avoid unnecessary surgery. This study aimed to compare surgically confirmed otitis media with effusion with wideband tympanometry and absorbance tests. METHODS: A total of 122 children diagnosed with otitis media with effusion were included. Eighty healthy children were included as controls. Ears were divided into 4 groups: serous, mucoid, atelectasis, and empty. Resonance frequency, 226 Hz and 1000 Hz compliance, wideband peak pressure, and absorbance data were used for comparison. RESULTS: The most practical tests were the average of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz absorbance according to positive likelihood ratio (4.8) and model 2 according to negative likelihood ratio (0.11). It was better than the standard 226 Hz and 1000 Hz compliance tests. Although some statistically significant parameters were observed between serous fluid and empty ear, they were not sufficiently impactful for a differential diagnosis. No parameter could help us differentiate between serous and mucous fluids. CONCLUSION: According to negative likelihood ratio (0.11), a person with normal middle ear is 9 times more likely to have negative test with the use of resonance frequency, wideband tympanometry, and average absorbance together. To differentiate serous fluid from the empty ear, using only 226 Hz or 1000 Hz compliance for surgical indication can potentially cause wrong decisions according to negative likelihood ratios.

In vivo optical mapping of the tympanic membrane impulse response.

The wide frequency range of the human hearing could be narrowed by various pathologies in the middle ear and in the tympanic membrane that lead to conductive hearing loss. Diagnosing such hearing problems is challenging, however, often relying on subjective hearing tests supported by functional tympanometry. Here we present a method for in vivo 2D mapping of the impulse response of the tympanic membrane, and demonstrate its potential on a healthy human volunteer. The imaging technique is based on interferometric spectrally encoded endoscopy, with a handheld probe designed to scan the human tympanic membrane within less than a second. The system obtains high-resolution 2D maps of key functional parameters including peak response, rise and decay times, oscillation bandwidth and resonance frequency. We also show that the system can identify abnormal regions in the membrane by detecting differences in the local mechanical parameters of the tissue. We believe that by offering a full 2D mapping of broad-bandwidth dynamics of the tympanic membrane, the presented imaging modality would be useful for effective diagnosis of conductive hearing loss in patients.

Impact of a Modified Restoration of Tensor Veli Palatini on Hearing and Middle Ear Function in Cleft Palate Children-a Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Many children with cleft palate also exhibit hearing loss and middle ear dysfunction, which could last for years. There are still arguments on how to treat this problem. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a modified restoration of tensor veli palatine (TVP) on hearing and middle ear function in the cleft palate children. METHODS: This retrospective study was completed using records of the cleft palate children who received surgery in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from May 2013 to December 2020. They were divided into 2 groups: Group 1: children who received cleft palate surgery without specific restoration of TVP; Group 2: children who received palate surgery with a specific TVP restoration technique. Perioperative information was collected. The conductive auditory brainstem response and the 226-Hz tympanometry before and after the cleft surgery were compared intragroup and intergroup. RESULTS: Totally 42 children were included in this study, 21 children in each group. There were no significant differences considering clinical characteristics between the 2 groups. The modified TVP restoration didn't increase operation time or complication compared with no TVP restoration. Statistically, neither the auditory brainstem response air conduction hearing thresholds nor the 226-Hz tympanometry results had significant differences between the 2 groups after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This modified restoration of TVP was not time-consuming and did not increase complications. The beneficial effect of the modified TVP restoration on the hearing or the middle ear function of cleft palate children was uncertain around 6 months after surgery compared with no restoration.

The Diagnostic Value of Multifrequency Tympanometry in Patients with Ménière's Disease: A Prospective Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Diagnosing Ménière's disease (MD) by its characteristics such as episodes of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus with aural fullness remains challenging. Available tests evaluating the presence of endolymphatic hydrops (EH) are often expensive or time assuming. An in-office quick and simple non-invasive diagnostic test is multifrequency tympanometry (MFT). It can measure conductance at 2 kHz probe tones, which was demonstrated to reflect variations in cochlear pressure. Previous studies investigating MFT as a diagnostic test for MD showed conflicting outcomes possibly biased by their retrospective design. METHODS: We prospectively collected MFT results (Y width) in patients with dizziness and compared MFT test results in affected (group 1) and unaffected (group 2) ears of 37 MD subjects and in control ears of 33 non-MD subjects (group 3). RESULTS: The mean value of the Y width in affected ears was 315.6 ± 70.2 daPa compared to 292.3 ± 98.6 daPa in unaffected ears in MD subjects and 259.4. ± 60.6 daPa in the non-MD group. A positive test result (i.e., a Y width of 235 daPa or more) was found in 35 ears in the MD group, 21 times involving the affected ear and 14 times involving the unaffected ear, compared to 16 in the non-MD group. No significant differences between the three groups could be demonstrated (p > 0.05). We found a sensitivity of 58.3% and specificity of 66.3% for detecting EH in an affected ear in MD subjects. CONCLUSION: There is a trend towards increased conductance tympanometry in affected ears. However, we noticed a high false positive rate of MFT and do not support standardized use of MFT as an additional diagnostic tool for detecting EH in MD patients. A negative test result on the contrary is unlikely related to EH.

Effects of earlens lens placement on sound field thresholds, tympanometric measurements and wideband acoustic immittance.

OBJECTIVE: The Earlens is a direct-drive hearing device consisting of a lens which physically displaces the umbo to achieve appropriate gain. The objective is to determine the clinical acceptability of clinical immittance measurements in Earlens wearers. DESIGN: Controlled before-after within-subjects repeated measures study. STUDY SAMPLE: Data is reported for measurements obtained on 15 subjects (average age of 72.2 years) with data from 30 ears. RESULTS: There was a small effect of lens placement on sound field thresholds in most subjects. The largest damping effect of 4 dB was observed at 1000 Hz. An average reduction of 0.17 mL was identified in compliance following lens placement (p < 0.05). An effect of the lens on power absorbance obtained at ambient and peak pressure was found. The lens resulted in an increase in power absorbance at low frequencies (below 500 Hz) and a decrease in the mid to high-frequency range of approximately 500-3500 Hz (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lens wear had a small effect on audiometric thresholds and tympanometry for most patients. Clinicians who use compliance and power absorbance should take into consideration lens effects on these measurements. Additional work is required to develop clinical normative ranges of these measures for wearers of the Earlens.

Measuring resonance frequency of the middle ear in school-aged children: potential applications for detecting middle ear dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: This study established a normative range of resonance frequency (RF) values as estimated using Wideband Tympanometry (WBT) and determined the ability of WBT-estimated RF to predict the presence of middle ear dysfunction in school-aged children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data were collected using a hearing screening test battery consisting of WBT, Pure Tone Screening (PTS), 226- kHz tympanometry, and ipsilateral Acoustic Stapedial Reflexes (ASR). STUDY SAMPLE: About 1590 children aged 4-13 years. RESULTS: RF significantly decreased from 4 to 13 years of age (4-6 years, 928.95 kHz; 7-9 years, 872.80 kHz; 10-13 years, 863.68 kHz). RF had area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) values between 0.589 and 0.626 to predict ears that failed PTS or 226- kHz tympanometry. RF below 627 kHz accurately predicted the presence of a Type B tympanogram (AROC 0.945). RF had high test-retest reliability with Intra-Class Coefficient value of 0.817 and good agreement according to Bland-Altman plot analysis. CONCLUSIONS: WBT-estimated RF had fair diagnostic accuracy for predicting PTS and tympanometry results, but had excellent accuracy for predicting the presence of middle ear dysfunction, indicated by a Type B tympanogram. WBT-estimated RF does not require age-, gender-, ear- or ethnicity-specific normative data for clinical use with children.

Wideband Tympanometry: Normative Data for Young Iranian Adults.

INTRODUCTION: The middle ear sound transmission features can impact acoustic sounds reaching the inner ear. Wideband tympanometry (WBT) or wideband acoustic immittance is an effective and desirable measurement of conductive conditions in newborns and adults and has appropriate sensitivity to distinguish different pathologies like otosclerosis from other middle ear conflicts. Recently, there has been an increased utilization of WBT, which highlights the importance of collecting population-based normative data as a necessary step in the standardization of this test, as well as for its clinical application. This study aimed to obtain normative data on WBT in the adult Iranian ethnic. METHODS: There were 101 participants (202 ears) consisting of 53 males (57.4%) and 48 females (42.6%) in the age range of 19-29 years. The Titan WBT device (Interacoustics, Assens, Denmark) was used for WBT measurements. The broadband click was utilized as the probe tone between frequencies of 250 Hz and 8,000 Hz. All the participants underwent ear, nose, and throat assessments, pure-tone audiometry, and conventional tympanometry (226 Hz). Features like equivalent ear canal volume (Veq), tympanometric peak pressure, gradient, resonance frequency (RF), energy absorbance (EA), and admittance (Ad) were tested. RESULTS: In this cross-sectional study, 202 ears were tested for WBT. EA increased by frequency enhancement; at 1 kHz and 2 kHz the EA was the most prominent; at 2,519 Hz, it started decreasing, and at 8 kHz, there was a slight increase. There was also a significant difference in the Veq and Ad between males and females. Studies have shown that the Veq may vary between male and female subjects based on body size. CONCLUSION: In this study, normative data for the WBT were obtained from young Iranian adults with normal hearing ranges and middle ear conditions. We hope that this study and the resulting norm will provide a basis for increasing the use of WBT in Iranian diagnostic and clinical practices.

Normative wideband absorbance measures in children: a cross-sectional study / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: This study was to investigate the main characteristics and related factors of wideband absorbance (WBA) in children with normal hearing and to obtain age-specific reference range of WBA. Methods: 384 children between 0-12 years old (615 ears) who visited the Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University from October 2019 to February 2021 were enrolled, including 230 males (376 ears) and 154 females (239 ears), with totally 306 left ears and 309 right ears. Wideband tympanometry (WBT) was performed and normative WBA data were analyzed by SPSS 24.0 statistical software. Repeated measures and multivariate analysis of variance were applied to the data from 16 points at 1/3-octave frequencies (226, 324, 408, 500, 667, 841, 1 000, 1 297, 1 682, 2 000, 2 670, 3 364, 4 000, 5 339, 6 727 and 8 000 Hz) to evaluate the effects of frequency, age, external auditory canal pressures, gender and ear on WBA. Results: According to the WBT frequency-absorbance curve, the subjects were divided into seven groups: 1-month old group, 2-month old group, 3-month old group, 4-5 month old group, 6-24 month old group,>2-6 year old group and>6-12 year old group. The WBA of normal-hearing children underwent a series of developmental changes with age at both ambient pressure and tympanometric peak pressures. WBA results for 1-month group and 2-month old group exhibited a multipeaked pattern, with the peaks occurring around 2 000 and 4 897 Hz, and a notch around 3 886 Hz. WBA results for 3-month group and 4-5 month old group exhibited a single broad-peaked pattern, with the peak occurring between 2 000-4 757 Hz. The WBA of 1-month old group to 4-5 month old group decreased gradually at low frequency (226-408 Hz) and 6 727 Hz, and increased at middle to high frequency (2 670-4 000 Hz). The WBA of 6-24 month old group were significantly lower than that of 2-month old group to 4-5 month old group at all frequencies except 3 364 and 4 000 Hz. WBA results for 6-24 month old group,>2-6 year old group and>6-12 year old group exhibited a single-peaked pattern, and the peak frequency of WBA moved to the lower frequency successively. From 6-24 month old group to>6-12 year old group, the WBA gradually increased at low to middle frequencies (667-2 670 Hz) and 8 000 Hz, and decreased at middle to high frequencies (3 364-5 339 Hz). Among the 16 frequencies of all age groups, the difference between WBA under ambient pressure and tympanometric peak pressure were -0.09-0.06, and 43.75%-81.25% frequency points had statistically significant difference, which was mainly manifested in that WBA under ambient pressure were lower than that under tympanometric peak pressure at 226-1 682 Hz. There was no significant ear effect on all of the age groups. Similarly, there was no significant gender effect except for 3-month old group and 4-5 month old group. Conclusions: The WBA of normal-hearing children measured at ambient pressure and tympanometric peak pressure varied across the frequencies with age from 1 month to 12 years old, and different frequencies followed different change patterns (increase vs. decrease) in WBA. There was also significant external auditory canal pressures effect on all of the age groups. The establishment of age-specific reference range of WBA for 0-12 years old normal-hearing children in this study would be useful for clinical practice of determining normative data regarding WBT.

The effects of cochlear implantation on middle ear function: A prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Although sound conduction mechanisms may influence by cochlear implantation (CI), it is not very clear whether, how, and to what extent these mechanisms may be influenced the pediatric population. Wideband tympanometry (WBT) is a sensitive tool to evaluate alternations in the middle ear mechanics in a wide frequency range. The current study aimed to explore CI's impacts on sound conduction across the middle ear cavity using WBT in pediatrics. METHODS: In a prospective design, 35 unilaterally implanted children (<24 months of age) with normal temporal bone anatomy were included in this study. Traditional tympanometry (226-Hz) and WBT measures were compared for each child in the implanted and non-implanted ears preoperatively and three months postoperatively. RESULTS: No significant changes in the "static acoustic admittance" and "peak pressure" parameters were observed between the pre-CI and post-CI conditions in the implanted and non-implanted ears in the 226-Hz tympanometry test. Wideband absorbance recordings before CI surgery exhibited a double-peaked pattern over a frequency range of 250 to 8000 Hz. The pre- and postoperative acoustic energy absorbance comparisons indicated a significantly reduced mid-frequency (1260 to 3175 Hz) and high-frequency (5040 to 8000 Hz) absorbance in the implanted ears. However, our results indicated no significant differences in sound absorbance between the pre- and postoperative conditions in non-implanted ears. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that WBT is a more sensitive method than traditional tympanometry for monitoring the mechanical status of the middle ear after cochlear implantation in pediatrics. Cochlear implantation in young children can significantly reduce mid- and high-frequency acoustic absorbance measured by WBT.

Eustachian tube insufflation with thermal water: Effectiveness in the treatment of pediatric otitis media with effusion.

PURPOSE: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the most common ear disease in childhood. The hearing loss associated with OME impacts on children's language development and behavior. Eustachian tube insufflation are among possible treatments for OME, but data regarding their effectiveness are scarce. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the effect of inhalatory thermal therapy and Eustachian tube insufflation in a consecutive cohort of pediatric patients with OME. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-four pediatric patients referred for OME to the thermal medical center "La Contea" (Battaglia Terme, Padova, Italy) were considered. Data from tympanometry and pure tone audiometry performed immediately before (T0), at the end of treatment (T1) and at a follow-up control (T2) were analyzed. RESULTS: Data from 148 ears were available. The pressure values of tympanometry significantly improved from T0 to T1 (p = 0.0001), and further improvement was recorded at T2, when 60.8% of patients had normal tympanograms. A significant gain of the air-conduction threshold in the T0-T2 interval was observed (p = 0.0001). At otoscopy, a significant reduction of tympanic membranes with fluid or air-fluid levels presence (p < 0.00001) and a significant increase of normal tympanic membranes (p = 0.0001) were found. CONCLUSION: Eustachian tube insufflation represented a well-tolerated and effective treatment in children with OME. Further investigations should deepen these results in randomized, double-blind settings, possibly with long-term follow-up periods. A quality-of-life and cost-effectiveness evaluation of this treatment approach for pediatric OME could be helpful for public health decision-making.

Evaluating the inclusion of tympanometry in population-based surveys of hearing loss.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the implications of including tympanometry in the Rapid Assessment of Hearing Loss survey protocol. A comparative study design was employed, with findings from otoscopy compared with the results of tympanometry. METHOD: A population-based survey of the prevalence and causes of hearing loss among adults aged over 35 years in The Gambia was conducted. Clinical assessments included air conduction audiometry, otoscopy and clinical history. Otoscopy outcome was recorded and for those with hearing loss, a probable cause was assigned. Following otoscopy, tympanometry was completed. Otoscopy outcome was not changed as a result of tympanometry. Clinician assigned cause was compared to the results of tympanometry. The proportion of causes potentially misclassified by excluding tympanometry was determined. RESULTS: Among people with hearing loss, including tympanometry led to a higher proportion diagnosed with middle-ear conditions. CONCLUSION: The value of adding tympanometry to population-based survey protocols is a higher estimated proportion of hearing loss being attributed to middle-ear disease rather than sensorineural causes. This can inform service needs as more people will be classified as needing medical or surgical services, and a slightly lower number will need rehabilitative services, such as hearing assistive devices. It is highly recommended that tympanometry is included in the protocol.